Engineering notes, guides, and product updates on runtime verification for AI-native teams.https://kerno.io/https://kerno.io/blog/mcp-server-testing/https://kerno.io/blog/mcp-server-testing/Kerno now tests MCP servers at runtime. It introspects your server, plans scenarios per tool, runs them in a sandbox, and verifies findings against your live stack.Tue, 11 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMTNewsSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-to-use-skills-to-write-better-tickets/https://kerno.io/blog/how-to-use-skills-to-write-better-tickets/Using Skill.md and MCP to automate ticket creation with the full context of your product.Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesMaxi Delohttps://kerno.io/blog/the-halting-problem-in-ai-coding/https://kerno.io/blog/the-halting-problem-in-ai-coding/No algorithm can predict all program behaviour not even AI. The only way to know is to run the code. Tue, 03 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesDr. Michael Coughlanhttps://kerno.io/blog/llm-as-a-judge-evaluating-output-without-a-ground-truth/https://kerno.io/blog/llm-as-a-judge-evaluating-output-without-a-ground-truth/How to evaluate LLM output when there's no exact answer. Covers configuration, failure modes, and deployment patterns for LLM-as-a-judge.Mon, 23 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesDr. Michael Coughlanhttps://kerno.io/blog/multi-agent-validation-gates-for-agentic-coding/https://kerno.io/blog/multi-agent-validation-gates-for-agentic-coding/Multi-stage validation gates catch architectural violations before AI-generated code reaches production.Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesJordan Berginhttps://kerno.io/blog/runtime-evaluation-of-coding-agents/https://kerno.io/blog/runtime-evaluation-of-coding-agents/Why coding agents win: how evaluation by execution creates a neurosymbolic feedback loop for objective truth and architectural reliability in AI.Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesDr. Michael Coughlanhttps://kerno.io/blog/understanding-the-llm-marginal-costs/https://kerno.io/blog/understanding-the-llm-marginal-costs/Learn why the era of cheap AI is over, and how tracking every token could mean the difference between profit and bankruptcy.Mon, 09 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/ai-dlc-for-startup/https://kerno.io/blog/ai-dlc-for-startup/Here is how 50 AI native startups and scaleups with over 1 billion dollars in funding are building software in the age of AI.Tue, 03 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/building-trustworthy-agents-with-rigorous-evaluation-frameworks/https://kerno.io/blog/building-trustworthy-agents-with-rigorous-evaluation-frameworks/Why agents need evals, and bias checks, how they differ from writing traditional software, and how feedback loops are critical for building AI systems.Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesDr. Michael Coughlanhttps://kerno.io/blog/cli-apt-for-docker-compose-agent/https://kerno.io/blog/cli-apt-for-docker-compose-agent/Using CLI tooling to bulk run testing pipelines across 18 different codebases.Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesAntoine Frauhttps://kerno.io/blog/lessons-from-biology-for-scalable-compute-experiments/https://kerno.io/blog/lessons-from-biology-for-scalable-compute-experiments/Organisations skills for computational experiments - advice from biology that is essential for working with LLMs and agents.Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesDr. Michael Coughlanhttps://kerno.io/blog/cli-tooling-for-agent-testing-pipelines/https://kerno.io/blog/cli-tooling-for-agent-testing-pipelines/How we built a CLI tool to automate Docker Compose experiments via YAML that runs sequentially and targets LLM-based evaluationMon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesAntoine Frauhttps://kerno.io/blog/assessing-user-input-on-llm-test-generation/https://kerno.io/blog/assessing-user-input-on-llm-test-generation/How freeform user input can impact test planning negatively.Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesDr. Michael Coughlanhttps://kerno.io/blog/why-the-ai-bubble-matters-less-to-builders-than-people-think/https://kerno.io/blog/why-the-ai-bubble-matters-less-to-builders-than-people-think/AI builders shouldn’t fear a bubble; the real risk is rising token and inference costs as subsidies fade, scaling ends, and energy limits tightenMon, 24 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesDr. Michael Coughlanhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-local-prompt-caching-reduces-tokens-in-tool-driven-llm-workflows/https://kerno.io/blog/how-local-prompt-caching-reduces-tokens-in-tool-driven-llm-workflows/Prompt caching prevents token bloat by storing static context so multi-step agent workflows stay fast, cheap, and scalable instead of growing exponentiallyFri, 14 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesJordan Berginhttps://kerno.io/blog/teaching-agents-to-write-and-self-correct-end-to-end-test-scenarios/https://kerno.io/blog/teaching-agents-to-write-and-self-correct-end-to-end-test-scenarios/How agents generate test scenarios, run them, learn from errors, and refine each step to deliver stronger end to end testing with minimal input.Fri, 14 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesJordan Berginhttps://kerno.io/blog/agent-agency-to-create-docker-compose/https://kerno.io/blog/agent-agency-to-create-docker-compose/Provide the LLM agent agency to read, diagnose, modify, and regenerate Docker ComposeMon, 10 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesJordan Berginhttps://kerno.io/blog/graphrag-with-memgraph/https://kerno.io/blog/graphrag-with-memgraph/We're integrating Memgraph Lab for visual code indexing. Key goals: export graph state for debugging, improve UX with pre-set queries/icons,Mon, 10 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/improving-trace-visibility-and-reproducibility-in-langfuse/https://kerno.io/blog/improving-trace-visibility-and-reproducibility-in-langfuse/A look at recent Langfuse updates that make tracing, cost tracking, and debugging agent runs clearer, more detailed, and easier to reproduce.Mon, 10 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesAntoine Frauhttps://kerno.io/blog/introducing-the-ai-builder-series/https://kerno.io/blog/introducing-the-ai-builder-series/Introducing the AI Builder Series, where engineers that are building with AI share their experiences.Mon, 10 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTAI Builder SeriesSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/collaboration-as-default-does-more-harm-than-good/https://kerno.io/blog/collaboration-as-default-does-more-harm-than-good/While collaboration is essential, its misuse in problem-solving can prolong issues and magnify costs.Sun, 09 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTOtherSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/devops-pipeline/https://kerno.io/blog/devops-pipeline/DevOps is a methodology that stemmed from the need to involve cross-functional teams, systematize code delivery, and...Sun, 09 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/ebpf-the-best-kept-secret-in-technology/https://kerno.io/blog/ebpf-the-best-kept-secret-in-technology/eBPF enables low-overhead, real-time observability and security, powering AI-native apps without sidecars, agents, or manual instrumentationSun, 09 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTGuidesSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/network-observability/https://kerno.io/blog/network-observability/Observability is used to describe the ability to understand the current or past state of a software system.Sun, 09 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/programming-the-kernel-with-ebpf/https://kerno.io/blog/programming-the-kernel-with-ebpf/Learn about eBPF, an exciting new technology that makes programming the kernel flexible, safe, and accessible to developers.Sun, 09 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTGuidesKarim Traiaiahttps://kerno.io/blog/truck-factor-the-silent-debt/https://kerno.io/blog/truck-factor-the-silent-debt/Explore the Truck Factor, its impact on engineering teams, and strategies to prevent knowledge silos from stalling development.Sun, 09 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTOtherSean Madiganhttps://kerno.io/blog/what-is-ecu-in-aws/https://kerno.io/blog/what-is-ecu-in-aws/An ECU is an EC2 Compute Unit used to measure the power of resources in the cloud. Based on that single ECU, the user can...Sun, 09 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/devsecops-with-gitlab-ci/https://kerno.io/blog/devsecops-with-gitlab-ci/A practical guide to DevSecOps with GitLab CI, wiring automated security testing into every stage of your pipeline so security becomes a shared, built-in responsibility.Thu, 05 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/ci-cd-pipelines-with-github-actions/https://kerno.io/blog/ci-cd-pipelines-with-github-actions/Continuous integration (CI) is a practice to automate the process of code management. It usually means integrating your code changes into a specific branch.Wed, 03 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/iam-roles-for-service-accounts/https://kerno.io/blog/iam-roles-for-service-accounts/In AWS, there are two ways to apply the Principle of Least Privilege, which are through IAM to provide granular permissions to access the AWS resourcesTue, 02 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/gitops-with-kubernetes/https://kerno.io/blog/gitops-with-kubernetes/GitOps is a practice that uses Git repositories as the source of truth for declarative infrastructure and application management.Mon, 10 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-monitoring-tools-techniques-you-should-know/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-monitoring-tools-techniques-you-should-know/In this article, we will talk about some important concepts in monitoring and popular monitoring tools that you should know about their main features.Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/amazon-eks-eksctl-overview/https://kerno.io/blog/amazon-eks-eksctl-overview/I want to focus in the AWS offering, Amazon EKS, which is the managed service that removes the administration of the control plane of the cluster and also pTue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-ingress/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-ingress/Kubernetes Ingress, in short, is an API object that manages external access to the services in the cluster. It supports load balancing, SSL termination, etcWed, 24 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/static-linux-ip-addresses/https://kerno.io/blog/static-linux-ip-addresses/In this tutorial, we’re going to walk through the required steps to set an IP address for a Ubuntu server Virtual Machine (VM).Sat, 20 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-to-manage-kubernetes-clusters-deployments-nodes-and-pods-via-k9s/https://kerno.io/blog/how-to-manage-kubernetes-clusters-deployments-nodes-and-pods-via-k9s/In this tutorial, we’ll take a look at K9s - We’ll understand what it is, how to install it, how it helps engineers work with cluster components, and...Fri, 19 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-lens/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-lens/Kubernetes Lens is a desktop tool that comes to make easier and faster the visualization and troubleshooting of multiple Kubernetes clusters.Tue, 16 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-services-clusterip-nodeport-loadbalancer/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-services-clusterip-nodeport-loadbalancer/Kubernetes Services are essential components for enabling communication within a Kubernetes cluster and facilitating connectivity to applicationsWed, 10 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-contexts/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-contexts/Kubernetes Context includes all the information required to connect to a Kubernetes cluster, like cluster hostname, port, and authentication method.Tue, 02 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-dashboard-deploy-visualize-cluster/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-dashboard-deploy-visualize-cluster/The Kubernetes Dashboard is a web-based Kubernetes user interface. It has tons of features including the overview of the cluster, managing cluster resourcesMon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/harnessing-the-power-of-generative-ai-with-aws-bedrock-a-step-by-step-guide/https://kerno.io/blog/harnessing-the-power-of-generative-ai-with-aws-bedrock-a-step-by-step-guide/In modern artificial intelligence, one of the most captivating progressions is the emergence of generative AI. Generative AI enables machines to generateThu, 14 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/serverless-architectures-aws-lambda-introduction/https://kerno.io/blog/serverless-architectures-aws-lambda-introduction/Delve into the realm of AWS Lambda and serverless architectures with this comprehensive article. From an introduction to hands-on creation and testing.Tue, 12 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/k8s-microservices-architecture-deployment/https://kerno.io/blog/k8s-microservices-architecture-deployment/In this tutorial, we’re going to walk you through the deployment of several microservices onto a cluster. The microservices in question are representative oThu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/oomkiller/https://kerno.io/blog/oomkiller/Understand and learn how to troubleshoot the Kubernetes OOMKilled (Exit Code 137) error.Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/jira-automation-expand-its-power-with-aws-ssm/https://kerno.io/blog/jira-automation-expand-its-power-with-aws-ssm/You will learn to use AWS SSM to expand the power of Jira with its automation feature and inspire you to design automation rules for your DevOps solutionWed, 21 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/deploying-your-first-pod-in-kubernetes/https://kerno.io/blog/deploying-your-first-pod-in-kubernetes/Our goal for this tutorial is to deploy our first pod within Kubernetes. We’re going to cover every step on how to write up the YAML file for deploymentTue, 13 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-services/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-services/Kubernetes Service ties pods and nodes together by providing the “plumbing” within a cluster. 4 Kubernetes Services ClusterIP Headless NodePort LoadBalancerFri, 09 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/getting-started-with-bash-scripting/https://kerno.io/blog/getting-started-with-bash-scripting/Bash, or Bourne Again SHell, is a scripting language commonly used by system administrators of the Linux platform. Bash allows for simple automationFri, 19 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/aws-ecs-docker-fargate-containers/https://kerno.io/blog/aws-ecs-docker-fargate-containers/Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) serves as a comprehensive container orchestration solution offering seamless deployment management scalabilityWed, 17 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-to-uncommit-in-git/https://kerno.io/blog/how-to-uncommit-in-git/Uncommit in Git - Reverse All Actions, Including Reverting Your Edits and Restoring Your Files to the Previous CommitMon, 15 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/yaml-file-format-complete-guide/https://kerno.io/blog/yaml-file-format-complete-guide/YAML File Format - Complete Guide on Syntax, Arrays, Comments, Examples, JSON vs YAML vs XML, etc.Thu, 11 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/aws-cloudfront-and-content-delivery-networks-cdn/https://kerno.io/blog/aws-cloudfront-and-content-delivery-networks-cdn/AWS CloudFront is a service that allows system administrators to deploy content across the globe. Before we dive into technical aspects of AWS CloudFrontMon, 08 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-operators/https://kerno.io/blog/kubernetes-operators/Kubernetes Operators are often used to automate a piece of infrastructure and allow for granular control on how deployments are observed, how pods...Sun, 07 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/kubectl-logs-tail-how-to-tail-kubernetes-logs/https://kerno.io/blog/kubectl-logs-tail-how-to-tail-kubernetes-logs/Kubectl Logs Tail | The kubectl logs tail command is critical in troubleshooting Kubernetes based applications and understanding what’s going on inside...Fri, 05 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-to-install-kubernetes/https://kerno.io/blog/how-to-install-kubernetes/Installing Kubernetes - In this technical tutorial we'll provide multiple ways to installing and running kubernetes on a local machine.Wed, 03 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/master-kubernetes-with-ease-the-ultimate-kubectl-commands-and-cheat-sheets-guide/https://kerno.io/blog/master-kubernetes-with-ease-the-ultimate-kubectl-commands-and-cheat-sheets-guide/Explore essential Kubernetes commands for efficient cluster management, including kubectl get, exec, and rollout, vital for system admins and devs.Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/essential-kubernetes-skills-how-to-get-logs-from-pods-using-kubectl/https://kerno.io/blog/essential-kubernetes-skills-how-to-get-logs-from-pods-using-kubectl/Learn to use kubectl for Kubernetes: Get logs from specific pods, understand namespaces, and handle logging tasks efficiently.Thu, 21 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/mastering-pod-deletion-in-k8s-a-guide-to-using-kubectl-for-removing-pods/https://kerno.io/blog/mastering-pod-deletion-in-k8s-a-guide-to-using-kubectl-for-removing-pods/we delve into the essential task of pod management within a Kubernetes (K8S) environment, focusing specifically on how to delete or remove pods using kubectThu, 21 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-to-restart-kubernetes-pods-with-kubectl/https://kerno.io/blog/how-to-restart-kubernetes-pods-with-kubectl/In this tutorial, we're going to look at a few methods to restart kubernetes pods using kubectlWed, 13 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/what-is-aws-vpc-tutorial/https://kerno.io/blog/what-is-aws-vpc-tutorial/AWS Virtual Private Cloud, or VPC, can be thought of as a network-based segmentation for resources that run in AWS.Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/aws-route-53-what-it-is-how-it-works-and-integration-with-other-services/https://kerno.io/blog/aws-route-53-what-it-is-how-it-works-and-integration-with-other-services/Route 53 is Amazon's robust and adaptable cloud DNS web service that implicitly connects user requests to services running in the AWS cloud, including AmazoWed, 06 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/aws-ebs-complete-guide/https://kerno.io/blog/aws-ebs-complete-guide/Learn everything you need to know to get started with Amazon Elastic Block Storage (EBS).Tue, 17 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/aws-elb-complete-guide/https://kerno.io/blog/aws-elb-complete-guide/Learn everything you need to know to get started with the AWS Elastic Load Balancer (ELB), from load balancer types to health checks and SSL.Tue, 17 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/aws-ec2-complete-guide/https://kerno.io/blog/aws-ec2-complete-guide/Learn everything you need to know to get started with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2).Thu, 12 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/creating-aws-ami-amazon-machine-image/https://kerno.io/blog/creating-aws-ami-amazon-machine-image/Amazon Machine Images are custom EC2 Instances that offer repeatability and fast deployment of underlying software. The goal of an AMI is to...Wed, 27 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-to-create-a-retention-rule-for-ebs-volumes-via-ebs-recycle-bin/https://kerno.io/blog/how-to-create-a-retention-rule-for-ebs-volumes-via-ebs-recycle-bin/The EBS Recyle Bin is a service used for protecting EBS Snapshots and Amazon Machine Images [AMI]s from accidental deletion.Sun, 24 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-copy-ebs-snapshop-different-availability-zone/https://kerno.io/blog/how-copy-ebs-snapshop-different-availability-zone/EBS Volumes are created inside of a specific Availability Zone [AZ]. It isn’t possible to move an EBS Volume from one AZ to another directly.Sat, 23 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/how-to-create-ebs-volume-from-an-ebs-snapshot/https://kerno.io/blog/how-to-create-ebs-volume-from-an-ebs-snapshot/An EBS Snapshot is nothing more than a backup of an EBS Volume. It can’t be attached to an instance, the user can’t read any data from it.Sat, 23 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanovhttps://kerno.io/blog/ec2-connect-using-instance-connect/https://kerno.io/blog/ec2-connect-using-instance-connect/Learn how to connect to an AWS EC2 instance using Instance Connect.Wed, 20 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTGuidesVladimir Romanov